Cardiac function changes are measurable at 6–12 weeks post-infusion; maximal benefit often emerges by 3–6 months. Durability studies extending to 2 years show sustained improvement in 60–70% of initial responders; others experience gradual functional decline, particularly if conventional pharmacotherapy (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists) is not optimised. Some patients receive repeat infusions; optimal re-dosing schedules remain undefined.
Heart failure reflects impaired cardiac contractility and/or relaxation, resulting from myocardial infarction, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, or valvular disease. Progressive cardiomyocyte death, fibrotic remodelling, and neuroendocrine dysregulation drive the syndrome. Placental mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes limit adverse remodelling by secreting anti-fibrotic factors (anti-TGF-β signalling), promoting angiogenesis (VEGF, FGF), enhancing cardiomyocyte survival (paracrine anti-apoptotic signals), and modulating inflammatory infiltration (reduced macrophage pro-inflammatory activation). One hundred twenty-four registered clinical trials and twelve actively recruiting sites explore intracoronary or intravenous MSC delivery in post-infarction left-ventricular dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and advanced heart failure awaiting transplantation.
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Medically reviewed by StemCellAtlas’s editorial team with the Stem Plus medical team (physicians & scientists · GMP-certified Sofia laboratory · 25+ yrs international experience) of partner clinic Stem Plus (Sofia), against ISSCR, FDA & EMA guidance. Educational information, not medical advice; figures indicative.
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