Symptomatic improvement typically emerges 6–12 weeks post-infusion, peaking by 4–6 months as axonal sprouting and vascular regeneration progress. Duration is variable: 40–50% of responders sustain benefit for 12–18 months; others show gradual decline by 9–12 months. Long-term follow-up beyond 24 months is sparse. Repeat infusions at 12–18 month intervals may sustain or amplify effect, but no standardised re-treatment protocols exist. Unlike acute neuroprotection, regenerative benefit plateaus; expectation of continued improvement beyond 6 months is unrealistic.
Peripheral neuropathy encompasses diverse conditions—diabetic, idiopathic, chemotherapy-induced, ischaemic—characterised by progressive nerve fibre loss, demyelination, and sensorimotor dysfunction. Stem cell therapies exploit multiple pathways: placental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete neurotrophic factors (NGF, GDNF, VEGF) that promote nerve regeneration and angiogenesis; neurogenic cells differentiate into functional neurons to replace damaged fibres; exosomes deliver growth factor cargo directly into affected peripheral tissues. The rationale combines neuroprotection (halting further degeneration), neuroregenerative repair (sprouting of surviving axons), and vascular restoration (improving ischaemic neuropathy). Forty-six registered trials investigate efficacy across neuropathy subtypes; eight actively recruit, indicating expanding clinical capacity and commercial interest.
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Medically reviewed by StemCellAtlas’s editorial team with Kiian Nadiia, MD, PhD (Paediatric Neurologist · Medical Director, CSM Clinic Network · 12+ yrs in Autism Spectrum Disorders) of partner clinic Stem Plus (Sofia), against ISSCR, FDA & EMA guidance. Educational information, not medical advice; figures indicative.
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